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1.Who is known as the father of the Indian Constitution? a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar c) Mahatma Gandhi d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2. The Constitution of India was adopted on: a) 15th August 1947 b) 26th November 1949 c) 26th January 1950 d) 2nd October 1949 3. The preamble of the Indian Constitution was adopted from which country? a) United States of America b) Canada c) Australia d) France 4.How many schedules does the Indian Constitution have? a) 20 b) 25 c) 22 d) 12 5.The concept of the Directive Principles of State Policy is borrowed from the Constitution of: a) United States of America b) Canada c) Ireland d) France 6.The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of: a) Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha b) Members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies c) Members of Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies d) Members of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies 7.The Indian Parliament consists of: a) The President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha b) The Prime Minister, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha c) The President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and Prime Minister d) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha 8.Who appoints the Governor of a state in India? a) President of India b) Prime Minister of India c) Chief Minister of the state d) Chief Justice of India 9.The term of office of a Judge of the Supreme Court of India is: a) 5 years b) 7 years c) 65 years d) Retirement age as per government rules 10.The Attorney General of India is appointed by: a) President of India b) Prime Minister of India c) Chief Justice of India d) Parliament of India 11. How many Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution? a) 6 b) 7 c) 5 d) 9 12.Which amendment of the Indian Constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years? a) 42nd Amendment b) 44th Amendment c) 61st Amendment d) 73rd Amendment 13.The term "Union of India" denotes: a) The President b) The Council of Ministers c) The Parliament and State Legislatures d) The territory of India excluding Jammu and Kashmir 14.Who has the power to amend the Constitution of India? a) Parliament b) President c) Supreme Court d) Prime Minister 15.Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the procedure for impeachment of the President? a) Article 60 b) Article 61 c) Article 62 d) Article 63 16.Which of the following is not a Fundamental Duty under the Indian Constitution? a) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India b) To safeguard public property c) To protect and improve the natural environment d) To provide free and compulsory education to children between 6 to 14 years of age 17.The official language of the Union of India is: a) Hindi b) English c) Sanskrit d) Bengali 18.The Constitution of India declares India as: a) A Secular State b) A Socialist State c) A Federal State d) A Sovereign State 19.Who acts as the Chancellor of all central universities in India? a) President of India b) Prime Minister of India c) Union Human Resource Development Minister d) Chief Justice of India 20.What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha? a) 3 years b) 4 years c) 5 years d) 6 years 21.The Constitution of India provides for the appointment of a special officer for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under which article? a) Article 330 b) Article 335 c) Article 341 d) Article 338 22.Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with citizenship? a) Part I b) Part II c) Part III d) Part IV 23.The Finance Commission of India is constituted every: a) 3 years b) 5 years c) 10 years d) 15 years 24.Who is the head of the Election Commission of India? a) President of India b) Prime Minister of India c) Chief Justice of India d) Chief Election Commissioner 25.Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the appointment and term of office of the Prime Minister? a) Article 75 b) Article 76 c) Article 77 d) Article 78 26.The concept of "judicial review" in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from: a) United States of America b) United Kingdom c) Canada d) France 27.Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy? a) Part III b) Part IV c) Part IV-A d) Part V 28.The Supreme Court of India can issue writs under Article: a) 32 b) 142 c) 226 d) 356 29.Who was the first Chief Justice of India? a) M. Patanjali Sastri b) Harilal Jekisundas Kania c) H.J. Kania d) B. N. Rao 30.The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established in India in the year: a) 1986 b) 1990 c) 1993 d) 2000 31.Which of the following is not a Constitutional body in India? a) Election Commission b) Planning Commission c) Finance Commission d) Union Public Service Commission 32.Who is empowered to declare a particular area as a Scheduled Area under the Constitution of India? a) President of India b) Governor of the State c) Parliament d) State Legislature 33.The concept of "cooperative societies" is included in which part of the Indian Constitution? a) Part IX b) Part IX-A ANSWERS b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar b) 26th November 1949 d) France c) 22 c) Ireland b) Members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies d) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha a) President of India b) 7 years a) President of India c) 6 c) 61st Amendment d) The territory of India excluding Jammu and Kashmir a) Parliament b) Article 61 d) To provide free and compulsory education to children between 6 to 14 years of age b) English d) A Sovereign State a) President of India c) 5 years d) Article 338 b) Part II b) 5 years d) Chief Election Commissioner a) Article 75 a) United States of America b) Part IV a) 32 b) Harilal Jekisundas Kania c) 1993 b) Planning Commission c) Parliament b) Part IX-A

Some multiple-choice questions based on the Contract Act 1872:- Which of the following is not an essential element of a valid contract under the Contract Act 1872? a) Offer and acceptance b) Lawful consideration c) Intention to create legal relations d) Written agreement According to the Contract Act 1872, a contract made by a person who is of unsound mind is: a) Valid b) Voidable c) Void d) Enforceable A contract to do an act impossible in itself is: a) Void b) Voidable c) Valid d) Unenforceable Which of the following is not a valid mode of discharge of a contract under the Contract Act 1872? a) Performance b) Breach c) Novation d) Execution According to the Contract Act 1872, an agreement enforceable by law is known as: a) Offer b) Contract c) Proposal d) Acceptance Consideration under the Contract Act 1872 must be: a) Adequate b) Sufficient c) Valuable d) All of the above Which of the following contracts is not explicitly declared void under the Contract Act 1872? a) Contracts entered into by minors b) Contracts based on fraud c) Contracts that restrain trade d) Contracts for the sale of immovable property A contract made by a minor is: a) Void b) Valid c) Voidable at the option of the minor d) Enforceable only with parental consent According to the Contract Act 1872, a contract with a minor for necessaries: a) Is voidable at the minor's option b) Is void c) Is valid and enforceable d) Is enforceable only with parental consent Which section of the Contract Act 1872 deals with the performance of reciprocal promises? a) Section 56 b) Section 64 c) Section 73 d) Section 122 Answers: d) Written agreement c) Void a) Void d) Execution b) Contract d) All of the above d) Contracts for the sale of immovable property c) Voidable at the option of the minor c) Is valid and enforceable c) Section 73

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ONE WORD/ONE LINER QUESTIONS                                      2 Marks Each 1.     When can an unsound mind enter into a Contract? Answer 1 : Yes , A person who is usually of unsound mind , but occasionally of sound mind , may make a contract when he is of sound mind. 2.     Mistake of one party as to the terms of the Contract renders the contract to be Valid, Void or Voidable? Answer 2 :- Voidable 3.     If one minor contracts with another minor to give him Rs.500 if he burns his own house, what kind of a Contract is this? Answer 3 :-The contract is void. 4.     The only exception as to a wagering contract being valid in India is? Answer 4 :- Insurance. 5.     A made a contract with B to beat up C. Is this contract valid, voidable or void? Answer 5 :- void SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS [Within 100 Words]                                                       5 Marks Each 1.     Explain the difference between Fraud and Misrepresentation? Answer 1 :-                              Fraud                                         Misrepresentation 2       Why is restraint of Marriage a ground for invalidity of a Contract? Answer 2 :- Agreements that restrict marriage are prohibited under English law since they harm the moral wellbeing of the populace as well as the country's population growth. The Court of King's Bench established a precedent in Lowe v. Peers in 1768. In that case, the defendant made a sealed promise to marry only the promise, subject to the requirement that he pay her 1000 pounds within three months of marrying someone else. She was under no obligation to marry him," the Court said, adding that it was neither a vow to marry her or to marry anyone else. Because the contract was just restricted and contained no promises to carry on either side, the court declared it to be invalid. A bet between two men that one of them would not get married within a given period of time was ruled invalid in Hartley v. Rice because it gave one of the parties a financial stake in the man's single status. Furthermore, brokage contracts or commitments made with the intention of obtaining or bringing about marriage are prohibited by English law for a number of societal reasons. As per Chitty's assertion, it is against public policy to enter into a contract that aims to restrict or prohibit a party from getting married, or to discourage marriage by leaving an individual unclear about their ability to marry. English law, however, differs from Indian law as expressed in the Indian Contracts Act, 1872, in that it does not consider agreements that partially restrict marriage to be void. But decades earlier, the Law Commission had recommended to the government that the Act be changed to remove the pertinent portion. Later on, this was covered. The Indian Contract Act, 1872, was primarily created by the British imperial authority, which was in charge of the nation at the time, to regulate contractual transactions between two or more parties in India. Every agreement that restricts marriage, with the exception of those that restrict the marriage of minors, is null and void, according to Section 26 of the Indian Contract Act of 1872. The Contract Act was the first law enacted in India that specifically declared void any arrangement of that kind that would have prevented either party from marrying the other as they saw fit. The main goal of this clause was to guarantee that citizens would not lose their freedom to choose who they married. which, as a result of a contractual agreement made at any moment, is a fundamental component of a civil society and has both social and personal value. A contract of betrothal and a marriage brokerage agreement are not the same as an agreement in restraint of marriage. Contracts that pay a third party for negotiating, obtaining, or bringing about a marriage are known as marriage brokerage agreements, as opposed to agreements in restriction of marriage. It should be mentioned that, as indicated in The Hindu Law of Pre-Independence India, marriage broking was common, at least among Hindus. 2.     Explain in brief, Derry v. Peak? Answer 2 :- CASE Derry v Peek [1889] 14 App Cas 337, 374 ·In a company prospectus the defendant stated the company had the   right   to   use   steam   powered   trams   as   oppose   to   horse   powered   trams.   However, at   the   time   the   right   to   use   steam powered trams was subject of approval of the Board of Trade, which was later refused. The claimant purchased shares in the company in reliance of the statement made and brought a claim based on the alleged fraudulent representation of the defendant. Held Court :- The statement was not fraudulent but made in the honest belief that approval was forthcoming. Lord Herschell defined fraudulent misrepresentation as a statement which is made either:- i) knowing it to be false, ii) without belief in its truth, or iii) recklessly, careless as to whether it be true or false 3.     Give 5 examples of Voidable Contracts. Answer 3 :- Voidable contract is define under section 2(i) of India Contract 1872 : “An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. Example:- A Contract entered into out of coercion undue 🔞 , influence, fraud, mis prestation, mistake etc. is said to voidable. Example:- A person ‘A’ agrees to pay a sum of Rs. 10,0000 to a person B for an antique chair. This contract would be valid, the only problem is that person B is a minor and can’t legally enter a contract. https://highlawg.wixsite.com/high-law-group/post/section-5-revocation-of-proposals-and-acceptant

Revocation offer/proposal given under section (5) of I.A.C , It is proved that a proposal may be revoked at any time before the communication of its acceptance is complete as against the proposer , but not afterwards. For example (A) propose , by a letter ,sent by post .(A) may revoke his proposal at any time before or at the moment when (B) posts his letter of acceptance but not afterwards . Case :- managing committee S.G.A  High school vs state of bihar . How made revocation of proposal /offer Mode of Revocation proposal and acceptant :-

NITI AAYOG stands for NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA. Its function is to foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong States make a strong nation. NITI Aayog is an executive body. In 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the Planning Commission’s abolition and created NITI Aayog through an executive resolution. NITI Aayog has identified 117 Aspirational districts for transformation through development of education, health & nutrition, agriculture & water resources, skill development, financial inclusion and basic infrastructure.

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QUASI CONTRACT MEANING: - Quasi is derived from Latin words, which means apparently but not really. A contract is the result of an agreement enforcement by law Quasi contract is the result of an agreement enforcement By law. quasi contract is exceptional kind of contact by which one party is bound to pay money in consideration of something done or suffered by the other party. It is creates right and obligation between parties but not proposal (offer) and acceptance, only consideration and enforcement of law.  The term Quasi Contract is not used in India. It is deal with section 68 to72 of Indian contract act Examples of Quasi-Contract A person orders some perishable items online by providing his address and paying for the same. At the time of the delivery of the goods, the delivery man delivers them to the wrong address. Instead of denying the delivery, the receiving party accepts the order and consumes the same. The case went to the court, and the court then ordered to issue a quasi-contract according to which the recipient has to pay back the cost of the item to the party who paid for the item initially. So, in this case, the benefits of the goods have been enjoyed by the receiving party, so such a receiving party is bound to compensate the former party. Not: -   Quasi Contract under is to consideration and enforcement

#highlawgroup On 26th January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect. That’s why 26th January is celebrated as Republic Day in India. How Was the Constitution of India Formed? The representatives of the Indian people framed the Indian Constitution after a long period of debates and discussions. It is the most detailed Constitution in the world. No other Constitution has gone into such minute details as the Indian Constitution. The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly which was established in 1946. Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected President of the Constituent Assembly. A Drafting Committee was appointed to draft the Constitution and Dr B.R. Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman. The making of the Constitution took a total of 166 days, which was spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. Some of the salient features of the British, Irish, Swiss, French, Canadian and American Constitutions were incorporated while designing the Indian Constitution. Features of The Constitution of India The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble which contains the basic ideals and principles of the Constitution. It lays down the objectives of the Constitution. The Longest Constitution in the world The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest Constitution in the world. It had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement. Now it has 448 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules. There are 104 amendments (took place on 25th January 2020 to extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies) that have been made in the Indian Constitution so far. How Rigid and Flexible is the Indian Constitution? One of the unique features of our Constitution is that it is not as rigid as the American Constitution or as flexible as the British Constitution. It means it is partly rigid and partly flexible. Owing to this, it can easily change and grow with the change of times. The Preamble The Preamble has been added later to the Constitution of India. The original Constitution does not have a preamble. The preamble states that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic. The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty, and equality for all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation. Federal System with Unitary Features The powers of the government are divided between the central government and the state governments. The Constitution divides the powers of three state organs, i.e., executive, judiciary and legislature. Hence, the Indian Constitution supports a federal system. It includes many unitary features such as a strong central power, emergency provisions, appointment of Governors by the President, etc. Fundamental rights and fundamental duties The Indian Constitution provides an elaborate list of Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India. The Constitution also provides a list of 11 duties of the citizens, known as the Fundamental Duties. Some of these duties include respect for the national flag and national anthem, integrity and unity of the country and safeguarding of public property. Republic India is a republic which means that a dictator or monarch does not rule the country. The government is of the people, by the people and for the people. Citizens nominate and elect its head after every five years. The Constitution serves as guidelines for every citizen. It helped India to attain the status of a Republic in the world. Once Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that “governments would come and go, political parties would be formed and dissolved, but the country should survive, and democracy should remain there forever” https://highlawg.wixsite.com/high-law-group/post/defamation-meaning-of-defamation-definition-of-defamation-concept-of-defamation

#highlawgroup Primary sources :- (1) Quran The word Quran is a drive from the Arabic word 'Qurra' which means to read. it was revealed to profit Mohammed through angel Gabriel for benefit of mankind. The Quran in its present from a book its divided into 114 Chapter and 6666 verses. The verses of Quran are called 'Ayat' and the chapter of this holy book are called. The Quran was over two periods :- (1) Meccan [ deal with philosophy of life and Islamic religion] (2) Medinan [it is deal with legal principles] The word of Quran is divine in nature. it can not be amended, revised or modified by any institution or human agency. The sacred book has been translated into number of languages (2) Ijma:- Ijma is a consensus within Muslim jurist on a particular legal issue . Ijma has been define by Sir Abdula Rahim :- Ijma is a agreement of the jurists among the followers of prophet Mohammad in a particular age on a particular question of law . There are three types of Ijma:- (a) ijma of companions:- it was opinion of companions of Prophet. It was considered to be most reliable. (b) Ijma of jurist :- It was unanimous decision of jurists in absence Ijma of companions (c) Ijma of people:- It formed by majority of Muslim by establishing rule of law by general agreement. (3) Sunna( Ahadis):- Sunna or Ahadis means traditions of the prophet which supplement Quran. It is the model behaviors' of the prophet. The narrations of "what" the prophet said did or tacitly allowed" is called Hadis. or traditions. Quran supplemented by Sunna framed the whole body of Mohammadan law - Civil Criminal and religious. Sunna consists of :- (a) Sunnat-ul-Qual (saying of prophet) (b) Sunnat-ul -fail (The doings or prophet of behaviors') (c) Sunnat-ul- Taqrir (The things done in his presence without his disapproved) (4) Qiyas:- Qiyas is the fourth primary source of Islamic law, in the Arabic language qiyas means 'measurement ' it means analogical reasoning. Qiyas is know measuring or equality , and wight of something. there are no clear authorities of Qiyas in the Quran . however many jurists have provided several proofs from the Quran and Sunna. Qiyas was as the method of comparing the problem of society. with a similar problem for which solution . was given in the tax. (1 ) custom:- customs are basically practices that people follow continuously for long period of time in fact it is followed for as long that its obtains the status of law in some cases . In case Abdul Hussein vs Sona Dero , the court observed that customs will prevail over old written text of law if it is ancient and invariable (2) judicial decision :- the decision of the privy council , the supreme court ; high court of india become source of law for the subordinate and Muslim law is no exception this judicial practice. In absence of any text of Muslim law , then the court may interpret a rule of law , rules of law , rules of justice equity and good conscience. (3) Legislation:- Muslim law is not codified, but parliament has made some laws to regulate Islamic practics , Some importance enactment on Muslim personal law are :- (a) The Musselman waqf Validating Act 1913 (b) The Muslim Personal law Application Act 1937 (c) Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce Act 1986 ) (d) Muslim women Protection on Rights of marriage Act 2019

#Highlawgroup Meaning of Tort:- · Tort is a branch of civil law. · Tort is a Franch word and Tort is derived from Laiten word ‘ Tortum ‘ which means twisted. It can called unlawful conduct. Definition of Tort :- · Tort mean a civil wrong which is not branch of contract, branch of trust · According to Salmond:- It is a civil wrong for which remedy common law action for unliquidated damages, which is not branch of contract, or branch of trust or equitable obligation. · According Winfield :- Tortious liability arise from branch of duty primarily fixed by law. This duty is towards persons generally and its is redressable by an action for unliquidated damages. Nature of tort :- · The basic idea which is indicated 1. Tort is a civil wrong but every civil wrong is not tort. 2. Torts is other than a branch of contract or a branch of trust. 3. Remedy is in the form of unliquidated damages. · Tort is a civil wrong and such civil wrong arise when a person breaches a legal duty, for claim under torts injured party files a suit in a civil court and the main purpose is to get compensation. · It is opposed to criminal wrong in the sense that in criminal wrong the main purpose is punish the accused person. · Sometime , a particular wrong under the category of both civil as well as criminal wrong. In such case both civil as well as criminal remedies are a variable. Case :- Jayalakshmi salt works Pvt. ltd. Vs. State of Gujarat, (1994) 4 Sec 1 held that ‘ tort’ means branch of duty leading to damage. Case (2):- Whit vs. john Warrick and corporate ltd.1953 2 All ER 1021